23 research outputs found
Obywatelska inicjatywa uchwałodawcza mieszkańców jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce
One of the consequences of the political changes in Poland after 1989 was granting citizens the right to initiate legal acts. It has activated society’s participation in public life and contributed to building a civil society. In 1994, a citizens’ constitutional initiative was established, and, in 1997, a citizens’ legislative initiative was undertaken. The aim of the study was to present the citizens’ initiative of resolution of the inhabitants of local government units in Poland. Originally, it functioned without a statutory basis and was established by the local government units themselves. This raised doubts as to its legitimacy, which was also reflected in the judgments of voivodeship administrative courts. The practice was in favor of its universal establishment, and it also became increasingly popular, especially in communes. In 2018, all local government laws were amended to grant the residents of all local government units in Poland the option of submitting a citizens’ initiative, and it is only up to their activity whether they will exercise this right.Jedną z konsekwencji przemian ustrojowych w Polsce po 1989 r. było przyznanie obywatelom prawa do inicjowania aktów prawnych. Zaktywizowało to udział społeczeństwa w życiu publicznym i przyczyniło się do budowy społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. W 1994 r. ustanowiono obywatelską inicjatywę konstytucyjną, a w 1997 r. – obywatelską inicjatywę ustawodawczą. Celem opracowania było przedstawienie obywatelskiej inicjatywy uchwałodawczej mieszkańców jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Pierwotnie funkcjonowała ona bez podstawy ustawowej i została wprowadzona przez same jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Budziło to wątpliwości co do jej zasadności, co znalazło odzwierciedlenie również w orzecznictwie wojewódzkich sądów administracyjnych. Praktyka sprzyjała jej powszechnemu ustanowieniu, a także stawała się coraz bardziej popularna, zwłaszcza w gminach. W 2018 r. wszystkie ustawy samorządowe zostały znowelizowane tak, aby dać mieszkańcom wszystkich jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce możliwość zgłoszenia inicjatywy obywatelskiej i tylko od ich aktywności zależy, czy z tego prawa skorzystają
Deep Learning for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Joint Detection and Damage Scoring in X-rays
Recent advancements in computer vision promise to automate medical image
analysis. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that would profit from
computer-based diagnosis, as there are no direct markers known, and doctors
have to rely on manual inspection of X-ray images. In this work, we present a
multi-task deep learning model that simultaneously learns to localize joints on
X-ray images and diagnose two kinds of joint damage: narrowing and erosion.
Additionally, we propose a modification of label smoothing, which combines
classification and regression cues into a single loss and achieves 5% relative
error reduction compared to standard loss functions. Our final model obtained
4th place in joint space narrowing and 5th place in joint erosion in the global
RA2 DREAM challenge.Comment: Presented at the Workshop on AI for Public Health at ICLR 202
Various preconcentrator structures for determination of acetone in a wide range of concentration
In this paper, the investigation results on preconcentration of acetone at various initial concentrations are presented. The structures were made of conventional materials, such as stainless steel, quartz tube as well as fabricated in MEMS technology - micropreconcentrators. All structures have the same ‘active’ area to obtain more suitable comparison. The adsorbent materials were selected from commercial available Sigma-Aldrich Carbon Adsorbent Sampler Kit, consisting of 8 various adsorbents. The highest concentration factors were obtained by utilization of micropreconcentrator filled with Carboxen-1018, which is recommended for adsorption of C2-C3 compounds. The preconcentrators were placed into microsystem, and semiconductor gas sensor array was used as a detector unit. The microsystem was previously tested and designed for exhaled breath acetone analysis. The obtained results show that micropreconcentrator can be a useful tool for an increasing sensor sensitivity
Retro-fallback: retrosynthetic planning in an uncertain world
Retrosynthesis is the task of proposing a series of chemical reactions to
create a desired molecule from simpler, buyable molecules. While previous works
have proposed algorithms to find optimal solutions for a range of metrics (e.g.
shortest, lowest-cost), these works generally overlook the fact that we have
imperfect knowledge of the space of possible reactions, meaning plans created
by the algorithm may not work in a laboratory. In this paper we propose a novel
formulation of retrosynthesis in terms of stochastic processes to account for
this uncertainty. We then propose a novel greedy algorithm called
retro-fallback which maximizes the probability that at least one synthesis plan
can be executed in the lab. Using in-silico benchmarks we demonstrate that
retro-fallback generally produces better sets of synthesis plans than the
popular MCTS and retro* algorithms.Comment: 39 pages (including appendices). Currently undergoing peer revie
Holistic Multi-View Building Analysis in the Wild with Projection Pooling
We address six different classification tasks related to fine-grained
building attributes: construction type, number of floors, pitch and geometry of
the roof, facade material, and occupancy class. Tackling such a remote building
analysis problem became possible only recently due to growing large-scale
datasets of urban scenes. To this end, we introduce a new benchmarking dataset,
consisting of 49426 images (top-view and street-view) of 9674 buildings. These
photos are further assembled, together with the geometric metadata. The dataset
showcases various real-world challenges, such as occlusions, blur, partially
visible objects, and a broad spectrum of buildings. We propose a new projection
pooling layer, creating a unified, top-view representation of the top-view and
the side views in a high-dimensional space. It allows us to utilize the
building and imagery metadata seamlessly. Introducing this layer improves
classification accuracy -- compared to highly tuned baseline models --
indicating its suitability for building analysis.Comment: Accepted for publication at the 35th AAAI Conference on Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI 2021
Re-evaluating Retrosynthesis Algorithms with Syntheseus
The planning of how to synthesize molecules, also known as retrosynthesis,
has been a growing focus of the machine learning and chemistry communities in
recent years. Despite the appearance of steady progress, we argue that
imperfect benchmarks and inconsistent comparisons mask systematic shortcomings
of existing techniques. To remedy this, we present a benchmarking library
called syntheseus which promotes best practice by default, enabling consistent
meaningful evaluation of single-step and multi-step retrosynthesis algorithms.
We use syntheseus to re-evaluate a number of previous retrosynthesis
algorithms, and find that the ranking of state-of-the-art models changes when
evaluated carefully. We end with guidance for future works in this area
Retrosynthetic Planning with Dual Value Networks
Retrosynthesis, which aims to find a route to synthesize a target molecule
from commercially available starting materials, is a critical task in drug
discovery and materials design. Recently, the combination of ML-based
single-step reaction predictors with multi-step planners has led to promising
results. However, the single-step predictors are mostly trained offline to
optimize the single-step accuracy, without considering complete routes. Here,
we leverage reinforcement learning (RL) to improve the single-step predictor,
by using a tree-shaped MDP to optimize complete routes. Specifically, we
propose a novel online training algorithm, called Planning with Dual Value
Networks (PDVN), which alternates between the planning phase and updating
phase. In PDVN, we construct two separate value networks to predict the
synthesizability and cost of molecules, respectively. To maintain the
single-step accuracy, we design a two-branch network structure for the
single-step predictor. On the widely-used USPTO dataset, our PDVN algorithm
improves the search success rate of existing multi-step planners (e.g.,
increasing the success rate from 85.79% to 98.95% for Retro*, and reducing the
number of model calls by half while solving 99.47% molecules for RetroGraph).
Additionally, PDVN helps find shorter synthesis routes (e.g., reducing the
average route length from 5.76 to 4.83 for Retro*, and from 5.63 to 4.78 for
RetroGraph).Comment: Accepted to ICML 202